年老出現的眼睛毛病

隨著年齡增長, 身體的各個部分都會出現老化, 而眼睛亦未被幸免。當你變成老人家的時候, 你的眼睛也同時經過數十年的洗禮。 就算以往視力再好, 眼睛都可能開始出現毛病。歲月所造成的眼睛變化, 可以小至視力輕微退化、大至出現致盲疾病。不幸地, 年老導致的眼睛問題有時毫無病徵,當自身察覺到眼睛出現問題時, 往往已經太遲。現在就來讓我們了解下年老引致的眼睛變化吧。

1 度數改變和視覺功能衰退

當人逐漸老去時, 眼睛各方面的視覺功能都不復當年。例如角膜弧度會隨年齡改變, 出現散光, 晶體會因年月變厚, 使眼睛度數靠向近視。閱讀時, 晶體和睫狀肌聚焦變弱形成老花。同時, 視網膜的感光細胞數目減少, 引致視力、對比敏感度、色覺、視野和適應光暗變化的能力等都出現下降。如果沒有好好正視變化, 它們可不只引起生活不便, 更有機會增加跌倒的風險。有統計指出視力出現問題的老人家每年跌倒2次或以上的風險, 比沒有問題的老人家高接近2倍。

2 眼乾和流淚

眼乾和經常流淚時常出現在年逾50歲的人士身上。某些老人由於淚水分泌不足或者淚水揮發過快, 導致眼睛出現乾眼問題。但另一方面, 年老時出現的眼皮鬆弛, 有機會使眼皮無法正常盛載淚水, 淚管亦有機會出現閉塞, 兩者都會引致經常流淚。眼乾和流淚不只困擾日常生活, 如果情況嚴重, 角膜會因得不到足夠滋潤而出現傷口, 引起視力下降、發炎甚至致盲的角膜感染。

3 年老相關的眼疾

受惠於宣傳增加, 現今大眾多了關注老年人出現的眼睛疾病, 而有不少老人家都表示有聽過這些眼疾, 包括白內障、青光眼和黃斑點病變。可是, 仍有長者覺得視力正常就代表自己沒有患上這些眼疾。事實上, 跟年老相關的眼疾不一定有病徵, 例如慢性青光眼病人會出現無痛的周邊視野收窄, 就算到了晚期視野窄得像隧道一樣, 中央視力仍可依舊正常。

4 系統性疾病在眼睛的副作用

由於眼睛佈滿複雜的血管和神經線網絡, 老人家常見的系統性疾病都能影響眼睛。例如糖尿病和高血壓可引致視網膜病變, 在毫無痛感下出現突發性永久視力衰退。高膽固醇病患者血液中的血塊可以阻塞視網膜血管, 造成眼中風。此外, 認知障礙疾病亦影響不同視覺功能. 包括視力、對比敏感度、色覺、眨眼反應和眼球轉動能力等。

總括而言, 眼睛因年老可以出現不同方面的衰退。這些衰退雖然常見, 卻不一定出現病徵。要發現這些眼睛毛病, 眼科視光師可以進行全面眼睛檢查, 檢查度數和視力以外的眼睛功能與健康。長者應最少每年一次接受全面眼睛檢查。

註冊眼科視光師(第一部份) 鄧光佑


以上護眼資訊由瑞士寶視光中心提供

地址 : 香港新界荃灣海盛路11號 One Midtown 23樓全層

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參考資料:

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  4. Artery OcclusionFate of Retinal Emboli and Vascular Reperfusion. Investigative ophthalmology & visual science, 57(11), 4589-4598.
  5. Dhital, A., Pey, T., & Stanford, M. R. (2010). Visual loss and falls: a review. Eye, 24(9).
  6. National Eye Institute. Age-Related Eye Diseases. Retrieved October 19, 2017, from https://nei.nih.gov/healthyeyes/aging_eye
  7. National Eye Institute. Facts About Diabetic Eye Disease. Retrieved October 19, 2017, from https://nei.nih.gov/health/diabetic/retinopathy
  8. National Institutes of Health. What Is Cholesterol? Retrieved October 19, 2017, from https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/hbc
  9. K., Napier. Geriatric Eye Care. Retrieved October 19, 2017, from https://www.coavision.org/files/GeriatricEyeCareforwebsite.pdf
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